| History - 1996
3D stress sensor The 3D stress sensor is used to measure tyre/road interface stresses under a moving wheel load. This unique system simultaneously measures the vertical, horizontal and longitudinal vehicle tyre/road interface stresses. /road interface stresses. The 3D Stress Sensor has been used with the HVS and initial results indicate that under normal conditions the maximum vertical stress is in the tyre centre and exceeds the inflation vertical pressure by up to 30%. In extreme cases, the bias (cross) ply tyre side wall vertical stresses can be twice as high as the tyre inflation pressure, the maximum transverse stresses can be as much as 70% of the inflation pressure, and the maximum longitudinal stresses as much as 30% of the inflation pressure |